Haraheze imyaka icumi kuva gahunda ya "Umukandara n'Umuhanda" itangizwa bwa mbere mu 2013. Mu myaka 10 iheze, Ubushinwa, nk'uwatangije kandi abigizemo uruhare rukomeye, bwageze ku iterambere ryunguka mu rwego rwo hejuru hamwe n’ibihugu byubaka, n'inganda zamakamyo, nkigice cyiyi gahunda, nazo zageze ku iterambere ryihuse kumuhanda ujya kwisi.
Gahunda ya “Umukandara n'Umuhanda”, aribyo Umuhanda wa Silk Road Ubukungu n'Umuhanda wo mu kinyejana cya 21. Iyi nzira ikubiyemo ibihugu birenga 100 n’imiryango mpuzamahanga muri Aziya, Afurika, Uburayi na Amerika y'Epfo, kandi bigira ingaruka zikomeye ku bucuruzi ku isi, ishoramari no guhanahana umuco.
Imyaka 10 niyo ntangiriro gusa, kandi ubu ni ingingo nshya yo gutangiriraho, kandi ni ubuhe bwoko bw'amahirwe azafungurwa ku makamyo yo mu Bushinwa yo mu mahanga yo kujya mu mahanga na “Umukandara n'Umuhanda” nibyo twibandaho twese.
Wibande ku bice bikurikira inzira
Amakamyo ni ibikoresho by'ingenzi mu kubaka ubukungu no kwiteza imbere, kandi bigira uruhare runini mu gikorwa cyo guteza imbere “Umukandara n'Umuhanda”. Mu gihe ibihugu byinshi byubatswe hamwe na “Belt and Road” Initiative ari ibihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere, urwego rw’iterambere ry’inganda zikora amamodoka ni ruto, kandi amakamyo yo mu Bushinwa afite ibyiza byinshi mu bijyanye n’ubushobozi bwo gukora, imikorere ndetse n’imikorere. Mu myaka yashize, byahinduye ibisubizo byiza mubyoherezwa hanze.
Dukurikije imibare ijyanye n’ubuyobozi bukuru bwa gasutamo, mbere ya 2019, kohereza amakamyo aremereye byari bihagaze ku modoka zigera ku 80.000-90.000, naho muri 2020, ingaruka z’iki cyorezo zaragabanutse cyane. Mu 2021, kohereza amakamyo aremereye yazamutse agera ku 140.000, yiyongera ku kigero cya 79,6% umwaka ushize, naho mu 2022, ibicuruzwa byagurishijwe bikomeza kwiyongera kugera ku binyabiziga 190.000, byiyongera 35.4% umwaka ushize. Igicuruzwa cyoherezwa mu mahanga cy’amakamyo aremereye kigeze ku bice 157.000, kikaba cyiyongereyeho 111.8% umwaka ushize, bikaba biteganijwe ko kizagera ku rwego rushya.
Dufatiye ku gice cy’isoko mu 2022, igurishwa ry’isoko riremereye ryo muri Aziya ryohereza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga ryageze ku ntera ntarengwa 66.500, muri yo Vietnam, Filipine, Indoneziya, Uzubekisitani, Mongoliya n’abandi bohereza ibicuruzwa mu Bushinwa.
Isoko nyafurika ryashyizwe ku mwanya wa kabiri, ahoherezwa mu mahanga imodoka zirenga 50.000, muri zo Nigeriya, Tanzaniya, Zambiya, Kongo, Afurika y'Epfo n'andi masoko akomeye.
Nubwo isoko ry’iburayi ari rito ugereranije n’amasoko yo muri Aziya na Afurika, irerekana iterambere ryihuse. Usibye Uburusiya bwibasiwe n’impamvu zidasanzwe, umubare w’amakamyo aremereye yatumijwe mu Bushinwa n’ibindi bihugu by’Uburayi ukuyemo Uburusiya nawo wavuye mu bice bigera ku 1.000 mu 2022 ugera ku bice 14.200 umwaka ushize, wiyongera hafi inshuro 11.8, muri zo, Ubudage, Ububiligi. , Ubuholandi n'andi masoko akomeye. Ibi ahanini biterwa no guteza imbere gahunda y’umukandara n’umuhanda, yashimangiye ubufatanye n’ubukungu n’ubucuruzi hagati y’Ubushinwa n’ibihugu by’Uburayi.
Byongeye kandi, mu 2022, Ubushinwa bwohereje amakamyo aremereye 12.979 muri Amerika y'Epfo, bingana na 61.3% by'ibyoherezwa muri Amerika yose, kandi isoko ryerekanye iterambere rihamye.
Ufatiye hamwe, amakuru y'ingenzi y’amakamyo aremereye yoherezwa mu Bushinwa agaragaza inzira zikurikira: Gahunda ya “Umukandara n'Umuhanda” itanga amahirwe menshi yo kohereza amakamyo aremereye mu Bushinwa mu mahanga, cyane cyane bitewe n'ibisabwa n'ibihugu bikikije iyo nzira, Ubushinwa bwohereza amakamyo menshi mu Bushinwa bwageze ku iterambere ryihuse ; Muri icyo gihe, iterambere ryihuse ry’isoko ry’iburayi naryo ritanga amahirwe mashya ku gikamyo kiremereye cy’Ubushinwa cyo kwagura isoko mpuzamahanga.
Mu bihe biri imbere, hamwe n’iterambere ryimbitse ry’ibikorwa bya “Umukandara n’umuhanda” no gukomeza kunoza imidugudu iremereye y’amakamyo aremereye mu Bushinwa, biteganijwe ko ibyoherezwa mu makamyo aremereye mu Bushinwa bizakomeza gukomeza iterambere.
Dukurikije gahunda y’imyaka 10 yoherezwa mu gikamyo cy’ibicuruzwa by’Ubushinwa hamwe n’iterambere ndetse n’amahirwe azaza muri gahunda ya “Umukandara n’umuhanda”, ibikurikira ni isesengura ry’imikorere y’amakamyo yo mu Bushinwa yagiye mu mahanga:
1. Uburyo bwo kohereza ibinyabiziga mu mahanga: Hamwe n’iterambere ryimbitse ry '“Umukandara n’umuhanda”, ibyoherezwa mu mahanga bizakomeza kuba imwe mu nzira nyamukuru zo kohereza amakamyo mu Bushinwa. Nyamara, urebye ubudasa n’ingutu by’amasoko yo hanze, inganda zamakamyo zo mu Bushinwa zigomba gukomeza kunoza ireme n’imihindagurikire y’ibicuruzwa, no kongera ubushobozi bwa serivisi nyuma yo kugurisha kugira ngo bikemure ibihugu n’uturere dutandukanye.
2. Kubaka inganda zo mu mahanga no kubaka sisitemu yo kwamamaza: Hamwe n’ubufatanye bw’ubufatanye hagati y’ibihugu n’uturere bikikije “Umukandara n’umuhanda”, inganda z’amakamyo zo mu Bushinwa zirashobora kubona ibikorwa byaho mu gushora imari mu nganda zaho no gushyiraho uburyo bwo kwamamaza. Muri ubu buryo, turashobora kurushaho kumenyera ibidukikije byamasoko yaho, kuzamura isoko ryisoko, kandi tunishimira ibyiza ninkunga ya politiki yibanze.
3. Kurikirana ibyoherezwa mu mahanga mu mishinga minini y’igihugu: Mu rwego rwo guteza imbere “Umukandara n’umuhanda”, umubare munini w’imishinga minini yo kubaka ibikorwa remezo uzashyirwa mu mahanga. Amasosiyete atwara amakamyo yo mu Bushinwa arashobora gufatanya n’amasosiyete y’ubwubatsi gukurikira umushinga ku nyanja no gutanga serivisi zo gutwara ibintu. Ibi birashobora kugera mu mahanga mu buryo butaziguye amakamyo, ariko kandi kugira ngo iterambere rihamye ry’inganda.
4. Jya mu mahanga unyuze mu nzira z’ubucuruzi: Hamwe n’ubufatanye bw’ubucuruzi hagati y’ibihugu n’uturere bikikije “Umukandara n’umuhanda”, inganda z’amakamyo zo mu Bushinwa zirashobora gutanga serivisi z’ibikoresho byambukiranya imipaka binyuze mu bufatanye n’ibigo by’ibikoresho byo mu karere ndetse n’ibigo bya e-bucuruzi. Muri icyo gihe, irashobora kandi kwagura kumenyekanisha ibicuruzwa no kugira uruhare mukwitabira imurikagurisha mpuzamahanga nubundi buryo bwo gutanga amahirwe menshi yo kujya mumahanga.
Muri rusange, imikorere yimodoka zamakamyo zi Bushinwa zijya mumahanga zizarushaho gutandukana no kwihererana, kandi ibigo bigomba guhitamo uburyo bukwiye bwo kohereza ibicuruzwa hanze uko ibintu bimeze hamwe ningamba ziterambere. Muri icyo gihe, mu rwego rwo guteza imbere “Umukandara n'Umuhanda”, inganda z’amakamyo zo mu Bushinwa zizana amahirwe menshi y’iterambere n’ibibazo, kandi zikeneye guhora tunoza irushanwa ryabo ndetse n’urwego mpuzamahanga.
Muri Nzeri uyu mwaka, abayobozi b’ibinyabiziga bikuru by’amakamyo mu Bushinwa batangiye urugendo rwo kwiga mu bihugu byo mu burasirazuba bwo hagati, bagamije kurushaho kunoza ubufatanye, guteza imbere isinywa ry’imishinga ifatika, no gushimangira guhanahana serivisi z’ubwubatsi bw’inganda. Uku kwimuka kwerekana neza itsinda ryamakamyo riyobowe na Shaanxi Automobile ryita cyane kandi rifite ubushake bukomeye bwo guteza imbere amahirwe mashya kumasoko "Umukandara n'umuhanda".
Mu buryo bwo gusura imirima, basobanukiwe byimbitse ibikenewe n’isoko ry’isoko ryo mu burasirazuba bwo hagati, byerekana neza ko abayobozi b’iryo tsinda bamenye ko isoko ry’iburasirazuba bwo hagati rifite amahirwe menshi kandi afite amahirwe menshi yo kwiteza imbere muri “the Umukandara n'umuhanda ”. Niyo mpamvu, bashizeho umwete, babinyujije mu nganda n’ubundi buryo kugira ngo barusheho kunoza imenyekanisha ry’ikirango no guhangana, ku nganda z’amakamyo yo mu Bushinwa ku isoko ryo mu burasirazuba bwo hagati kugira ngo zongere imbaraga nshya.
"Umukandara n'Umuhanda" byinjiye mu bihe bishya, byanze bikunze bizana amahirwe yo kwiteza imbere mu kohereza amakamyo, ariko tugomba nanone kumenya neza ko imiterere mpuzamahanga iriho ubu igoye kandi ihinduka, kandi haracyari icyumba kinini cyo kunoza Ikamyo yamakamyo na serivisi.
Twizera ko kugirango dukoreshe neza idirishya rishya ryiterambere, dukwiye kwitondera ibintu bikurikira.
1. Witondere impinduka zabaye mubihugu mpuzamahanga: Ibihe byifashe muri iki gihe byuzuyemo ibintu bitazwi neza n’ibihinduka, nk’intambara y’Uburusiya na Ukraine ndetse n’amakimbirane y’amakimbirane mu bihugu byo mu burasirazuba bwo hagati. Izi mpinduka za politiki zishobora kugira ingaruka mbi ku byoherezwa mu makamyo aremereye, bityo inganda z’amakamyo aremereye mu Bushinwa zigomba kwita cyane ku mpinduka z’imiterere mpuzamahanga no guhindura ingamba zo kohereza mu mahanga mu gihe gikwiye kugira ngo zigabanye ingaruka zishobora guterwa.
2. Kunoza serivisi no kugurisha icyarimwe: Mu rwego rwo kwirinda amasomo ateye ubwoba yoherezwa kuri moto ya Vietnam, inganda z’amakamyo aremereye mu Bushinwa zigomba kongera ibicuruzwa mu gihe zibanda ku kuzamura ireme rya serivisi. Ibi bikubiyemo gushimangira serivisi nyuma yo kugurisha gukurikirana, gutanga ubufasha bwa tekiniki kandi bwumwuga kandi bukanabungabungwa, ndetse no kubaka umubano wa hafi n’abacuruzi n’abakozi bo mu karere kugira ngo bamenyekanishe ibicuruzwa no guhaza abakiriya.
3. Guhanga udushya no kunoza ibiranga ibinyabiziga ku masoko y’amahanga: Kugira ngo turusheho guhaza isoko ry’ibihugu n’uturere dutandukanye, inganda z’amakamyo aremereye mu Bushinwa zigomba guhanga udushya no kunoza imiterere y’imodoka ku masoko y’amahanga. Shaanxi Automobile X5000, kurugero, izirikana byimazeyo ibikenerwa byubwikorezi bwakarere ka Urumqi. Ibigo bigomba kumva neza ibiranga nibikenewe ku isoko rigamije, ubushakashatsi bugamije iterambere no guteza imbere ibicuruzwa kugirango bikemure ibikenewe ku isoko ryaho.
. Inganda zamakamyo aremereye mu Bushinwa zigomba gukoresha neza ibi bihe byiza kugirango zishimangire ubucuruzi n’ibihugu duturanye. Muri icyo gihe, birakenewe kandi ko twita cyane ku mpinduka muri politiki y’ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga kugira ngo duhindure ingamba ku gihe cyo kohereza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga no gukoresha amahirwe menshi y’ubucuruzi.
Nina agira ati:
Mu rwego rwo guteza imbere “Umukandara n'Umuhanda” mu bihe bishya, ibihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere bigenda bikora ubufatanye mu iyubakwa ry'ibikorwa remezo, guhanahana ubukungu n'ubucuruzi ndetse no mu zindi nzego. Ibi ntabwo bitanga amahirwe menshi yubucuruzi kubyoherezwa mu makamyo aremereye y’Ubushinwa, ahubwo binashyiraho uburyo bwo kunguka inyungu no gutsindira inyungu ku bihugu byose. Muri iki gikorwa, inganda zamakamyo ziremereye mu Bushinwa zigomba kugendana n’umuvuduko wa The Times, kwagura cyane amasoko yo hanze, no kunoza imiterere y’ibicuruzwa. Muri icyo gihe, birakenewe kandi kwibanda ku guhanga udushya no kunoza imihindagurikire y'isoko ry'ibihugu n'uturere dutandukanye.
Mu nzira igana mu mahanga, inganda z’amakamyo aremereye mu Bushinwa zigomba kwita ku guhuza no guteza imbere isoko ryaho. Birakenewe kwagura byimazeyo ubufatanye ninganda zaho, gushimangira guhanahana tekiniki no guhugura abakozi, no kugera ku nyungu zombi hamwe n ibisubizo byunguka. Muri icyo gihe, ni ngombwa kandi kwita ku kuzuza inshingano z’imibereho myiza y’abaturage, kugira uruhare rugaragara mu bikorwa by’imibereho myiza y’abaturage, no gusubiza umuryango waho.
Mu rwego rwa “Umukandara n'umuhanda”, amakamyo aremereye yo mu Bushinwa yohereza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga ahura n'amahirwe atigeze abaho. Gusa dukomeje kugendana na The Times, twibanda ku guhanga udushya no kunoza, no gushimangira kwishyira hamwe niterambere hamwe nisoko ryaho dushobora kugera ku majyambere arambye kandi tukagera ku ntsinzi nini ku isoko ryisi. Reka dutegereze ejo hazaza heza h’Ubushinwa bwohereza amakamyo aremereye!
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ukwakira-12-2023
